# C++ with Clang & Make — Cheat Sheet

## Writing C++

A basic C++ file (`hello.cpp`):

```cpp
#include <iostream>

int main() {
    std::cout << "Hello, world!" << std::endl;
    return 0;
}
```

## Compiling with Clang

| Command | What it does | Example |
|---------|-------------|---------|
| `clang++ <file>` | Compile to an executable named `a.out` | `clang++ hello.cpp` |
| `clang++ <file> -o <name>` | Compile and name the output | `clang++ hello.cpp -o hello` |
| `clang++ -Wall <file>` | Enable **all** warnings (always use this!) | `clang++ -Wall hello.cpp -o hello` |
| `clang++ -std=c++17 <file>` | Use a specific C++ version | `clang++ -std=c++20 -Wall prog.cpp -o prog` |
| `clang++ -g <file>` | Include debug info (for use with a debugger) | `clang++ -g -Wall hello.cpp -o hello` |

**Common flags explained:**

| Flag | Meaning |
|------|---------|
| `-o <name>` | Output filename (instead of `a.out`) |
| `-Wall` | Enable most compiler warnings |
| `-Wextra` | Enable even more warnings |
| `-std=c++17` | Use C++17 standard (also `c++11`, `c++14`, `c++20`) |
| `-g` | Include debug symbols (for `gdb` or `lldb`) |
| `-O2` | Optimize for speed |

### Full compile example
```bash
clang++ -Wall -Wextra -std=c++20 my_program.cpp -o my_program
./my_program
```

## Running Your Program

```bash
./my_program          # Run it
./my_program arg1     # Pass a command-line argument
```

## Make & Makefiles

`make` automates your build so you don't have to type long `clang++` commands.

### Example project structure
```
project/
├── Makefile
├── main.cpp
├── helpers.cpp
└── helpers.hpp
```

### Minimal Makefile
```make
hello: hello.cpp
    clang++ -Wall -std=c++17 hello.cpp -o hello
```

**⚠️ The indented line must use a Tab, not spaces.**

### Building with make
```bash
make        # Build the first target
make hello  # Build the target named 'hello'
```

### Better Makefile with variables
```make
CXX     = clang++
CXXFLAGS = -Wall -Wextra -std=c++20
TARGET   = my_program

$(TARGET): main.cpp helpers.cpp helpers.hpp
    $(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) main.cpp helpers.cpp -o $(TARGET)

clean:
    rm -f $(TARGET)

.PHONY: clean
```

| Command | What it does |
|---------|-------------|
| `make` | Build the program |
| `make clean` | Delete the compiled program |
| `make -j4` | Build using 4 CPU cores (faster) |

### Typical Makefile with separate compilation
```make
CXX       = clang++
CXXFLAGS  = -Wall -Wextra -std=c++20
TARGET    = my_program
OBJECTS   = main.o helpers.o

$(TARGET): $(OBJECTS)
    $(CXX) $(OBJECTS) -o $(TARGET)

main.o: main.cpp helpers.hpp
    $(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c main.cpp -o main.o

helpers.o: helpers.cpp helpers.hpp
    $(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c helpers.cpp -o helpers.o

clean:
    rm -f $(TARGET) $(OBJECTS)

.PHONY: clean
```

## Quick Reference — Common Workflow

```bash
# 1. Write your code
nano hello.cpp

# 2. Compile
clang++ -Wall -std=c++20 hello.cpp -o hello

# 3. Run
./hello

# Or use a Makefile
make
./hello
```

## Tips

- Always compile with `-Wall` — warnings catch bugs!
- Use `-std=c++20` to get modern C++ features (`auto`, `ranges`, `std::span`, etc.)
- If `clang++` isn't installed: `sudo apt install clang`
- If `make` isn't installed: `sudo apt install make`
- When editing Makefiles: **rules must be indented with a Tab character**